The next types are breakwaters

There are a variety of techniques and efforts used to stabilize shorelines throughout the world and some are temporary and some are permanent. Structures built to protect a coast from erosion or to prevent the movement of sand along a beach are known as hard stabilization (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008).There are three common types of hard stabilization which are considered to be permanent techniques. The first types of hard stabilization are called groins. A groin is a barrier built at a right angle to the beach to trap sand that is moving parallel to the shore.The next types are breakwaters, which are structures designed to protect watercraft from the force of large breaking waves by creating a quiet water zone near the shore. The third type is a seawall. Seawalls are just that; walls built parallel to the shore to protect the coast and property from the force of breaking waves.Hard stabilization is usually very effective and a lot of the time too effective. Groins tend to sand-starve the longshore, breakwaters may allow sand to accumulate behind the structure due to reduced wave activity and seawalls causes the beach seaward side to experience significant erosion.Alternatives to hard stabilization are beach nourishment and relocation. Beach nourishment is replacing sand on beaches, however the downside to this is that is does not last and is expensive. Relocation is relocating storm damaged buildings and buildings at high risk, thus allowing nature to reclaim the beach. The downside to this is that people do not want to give up their ocean front property. (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008)I do not believe that urbanization and development of coastal area always contribute to shoreline erosion because people want to protect their property from erosion therefore doing what they can to prevent erosion. However, I also believe that sometimes people end up doing more harm than good with their methods used to prevent shoreline erosion from happening.References:Lutgens, F. an d Tarbuck, E. (2008). Foundations of Earth Science: Fifth Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. Â  

Contract Law: Frustration Essay

Question Martina owns two houses in Loughchester. In May, she entered into a contract with Loughchester University for it to rent the houses for the coming academic year for use as student accommodation. The University paid Martina  £750 straight away, with the rent to be paid to Martina by the University monthly in arrears. Martina then engaged Roger Roofers Ltd to carry out repairs on the roofs of the houses, to be completed by 23 September, in time for the arrival of the students. She paid Roger Roofers  £1,000, with the balance of  £3,000 to be paid on completion of the work. Consider the effect on Martina’s contracts of the following events. (a) On 1 September, when Roger Roofers had completed work on the first house, but not started on the second, the second house was struck by lightning, causing a fire that destroyed both houses. (b) As in (a), but only the second house was destroyed. The first house escaped damage. (c) As a consequence of an unexpected restriction on student numbers imposed by the government, Loughchester University recruited fewer students for its courses than it had expected and had a surplus of accommodation. It told Martina on 20 September that it would not need to use her houses, and regarded their contract as at an end. It also requested the repayment of the  £750 already paid. ANSWER The doctrine of frustration applies when there is a change of circumstances, after the conclusion of a contract; consequently rendering the contract impossible to perform or depriving the contract of its commercial purpose by the occurrence of an unexpected event not due to the act or default of either party. In the event of a contact being frustrated the contract is discharged at that date. Examples of some of the unforeseen events that have been acknowledged as giving rise to frustration are destruction of the subject matter (Taylor v Caldwell (1863)), government interference (BP Exploration v Hunt (1982)), supervening illegality (Denny, Mott and Dickson v James Fraser (1944)), strikes (The Nema (1982)) and ill health (Condor v Barron Knights (1966)). The Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act 1943 was passed to provide a fair appointment of losses where a contract is discharged by frustration. The main provisions in the 1943 Act are s.1(2), which deals with recovery of money paid or payable prior to the frustrating event (Gamerco SA v ICM/Fair Warning Agency (1995)), and s.1(3), which deals  with benefits given prior to that event. However, although in certain circumstances s 2(3) of the Act allows recovery for benefits conferred prior to the frustrating event, in BP Exploration v Hunt (1979), it was held that the frustrating event has had an effect of destroying the benefit, nothing will be recoverable under s.1(3). Situation (a) In the first situation, the two houses have been destroyed. According to the Implied Term Theory Test in Taylor v Caldwell (1863), the complete destruction of the specific objects necessary for performance of the contract will frustrate it. As regards the contract with the University, for many years it was thought that the doctrine of frustration could not apply to a lease for the reason that a lease created an interest in land and that interest in land was unaffected by the alleged frustrating event – Cricklewood Property Investment Trust v Leighton’s Investment Trusts Ltd (1945). However, this view was rejected by the House of Lords in National Carriers Ltd v Panalpina (Northern) Ltd (1981), it was held that a lease could be frustrated if intended use of the land became impossible. Therefore in line with this, the use of the land for the accommodation of the students was impossible to use again. Consequently the University’s obligation to pay rent will be disch arged. However can it recover the  £750 that it has already paid? According to S.1(2) allows money paid prior to the frustrating event to be returned, whether or not there is a total failure of consideration, and monies due prior to the date of frustration cease to be payable. S.1 (2) also allows for the recovery or retention of money to cover expenses incurred in relation to the contract. The extent of such an award is at the discretion of the court and is limited to the amount paid or due to be paid before the frustrating event. On the other hand, Martina will argue that she has spent money preparing the houses for student accommodation, and that she should therefore be able to retain the  £750. However in Gamerco SA v ICM/Fair Warning Agency (1995), it was made clear that just because expenses have been incurred this does not automatically mean that retention of money paid will be allowed. Hence, the court will consider all of the circumstances, before deciding what a just result is. Therefore, on the facts given, Martina may be allowed to retain some or all of the  £500 towards her expenses. Nevertheless, it should be noted that s 1(2) does not  allow her to be awarded more than the  £750 that has already been paid, even if her expenses exceed this amount. The contract between Martina and Roger Roofers will be frustrated, as the work cannot be completed. S.1 (2) provides that money paid prior to the frustrating event is recoverable; therefore allowing Martina to recover the  £1,000. However Roger Roofers may argue that its expenses far exceed the  £1,000 and that the full amount should be retained. Under s.1 (3) a just sum can be awarded by the court to Roger Roofers for the work done on the first house to compensate for this. Yet, under the common law, this would have been impossible, since the decision in Appleby v Myers (1867) established that where the obligation to pay for work does not arise until after the frustrating event, no compensation for work done is recoverable. Thus, Roger Roofers will not be able to recover anything under s 1(3), regardless of the fact that it has done half the work under the contract. Situation (b) Here it involves one house being destroyed, that is, the contract may be frustrated. As per the contract between Martina and the University, the contract can still accommodate students. It was only one house that was destroyed. However, the main issue here will be whether the contract has become ‘radically different’ from what was intended by the parties. The frustrating event rendered the contract impossible, illegal, or radically different from that which was originally agreed to (Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham (1956)). Reference to cases such as Krell v Henry (1903) and Herne Bay Steam Boat Company v Hutton (1903), the trips round the bay could still be made. Fewer visitors were likely to avail themselves of the opportunity, and therefore the contract to hire the boat for prospective tours was likely to be less lucrative but not impossible nor fundamentally different from the performance agreed. Similarly, the contract between Martina and the University is less beneficial but there is no reason as to why it may be frustrated. Martina could argue that the contract was actually frustrated since otherwise she may be liable for breach in providing only one house, rather than two. Hence, the contract is in fact ‘radically different’, since only half of it can be performed. Thus, the 1943 Act will be applied same as in situation (a). The contract with Roger Roofers is frustrated, since the completion of its work is impossible. However the house on which the  roofing work has been done did survived the frustrating event. Consequently, Roger Roofers will use this to get compensation under s 1(3) of the 1943 Act. As Martina obtained a valuable benefit in that she now has a house with a repaired roof. Therefore, the court will consider the fact that Martina has to something to roger Roofers in addition to the  £1,000 already paid. Given that about half the work has been done, therefore a further  £1,000 might be given to him, to bring her payment up to half the contract price. Situation (c) In this situation, it was the government’s restriction on student numbers that may be regarded as the frustrating event. Therefore, this clearly affects the contract between Martina and the University; hence the contract with Roger Roofers should be disregarded. The government’s intervention can lead to the frustration of a contract. In Metropolitan Water Board v Dick Kerr (1918) involved the requisitioning of property in war time. The issue with the University is that, some students were requesting accommodation, but they allocated them to premises other than Martina’s houses. However, the doctrine of frustration will not operate if the frustrating event was self-induced (Maritime National Fish Ltd v Ocean Trawlers Ltd [1935] AC 524). This limitation to the doctrine will apply even where the choice is simply, as to which contract to breach, as in the Super Servant Two [1990]. In allocating students accommodation other than Martina, the University exercised choice. Therefore the contract is not frustrated. The University has breached their contract with Martina. Consequently she will be allowed to retain the  £750 already paid. Any other losses would be recoverable, subject to the usual rules on remoteness and causation. On the contrary, under s.1(2) which allows money paid prior to the frustrating event to be returned, whether or not there is a total failure of consideration, and monies due prior to the date of frustration cease to be payable; the university might argue that they ought to recover money to cover expenses incurred in relation to the contract. The extent of such an award is at the discretion of the court and is limited to the amount paid or due to be paid before the frustrating event.

The effects plastic surgery has on todays youth Essay

The effects plastic surgery has on todays youth - Essay Example Sweeney has used various styles/techniques and rhetoric strategies to achieve her goal. These include appeals, cause and effect analysis, comparison and contrast, narration, description, statistics and argumentation. Evidently, she chose these strategies in order to make her point as rational and as convincing as possible to her audience, many of whom have opted for cosmetic surgery out of unhealthy motivations. She begins her essay with a narration, giving an account of Kristen who underwent cosmetic surgery at 15 to make her breasts bigger and how it has given her much confidence (Sweetney E3). By using this technique, Sweeney immediately establishes the entire essay as informal piece. This is a powerful way of capturing the attention of readers. By mentioning that this was done with the help of parents, she lightens up the mood of teenagers. Sweeney also used this technique as important background information on two important points. First, she explains that many teenagers below 18 are opting for cosmetic surgery out of unjustifiable motivations. Through this narration, she reveals that these youngsters are simply using cosmetic surgery to rush biological processes before their time is due such as having big breasts to feel like a woman when in fact they are young and have not reached puberty. She also uses this to explain that some youngsters are driven by obsession with the celebrity culture and similar actions of closer relatives. Secondly, Sweeney uses this technique to communicate the major reason driving teenagers to seek cosmetic surgery, that is, self-esteem. The youth do it to feel â€Å"normal† or to â€Å"fit in.† To convince the audience that the rise in the number of youths going for surgeries is rising crazily, Sweeney goes ahead to give statistics of the numbers of youths going for cosmetic surgery over a ten year period,

Psychology Bsc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Psychology Bsc - Essay Example If they are asked to go beyond their stage of development they can only do some of the tasks required, and this depends on the child. When watching children we must take a look at the various developmental studies so that we can be sure that children we are watching are doing those tasks that are appropriate for their developmental stage. Piaget suggested that there were four basic cognitive stages of development. The children that we researched were in the preoperational stage where "children begin to use symbols for objects, thinking is influenced by fantasy" and the child assumes that other people have the same viewpoint as they do. (Loose Leaf Library 1990). As we watched the children in our group, they seemed to be doing exactly as Piaget suggested. They were alert and were able to work with the plastacine and create their own object by making it something that they saw in fantasy. The cognitive stage of development is important to the project that our group did because it assumed that the children already knew how to work with plastacine and that they would understand the interview questions. A similar study was done by Bub, Masson, and Lalonde (2006) in which children were subjected to reading tests to see whether they could overcome Stroop interference in their reading. The point of the Stroop effect is to show that when a child reads a colour that is a different colour than the word, they will take longer to perform the task of reading the word (p. 351). This study worked with 65 children between the ages of 7 and 11. They used five colours (blue, green, pink, red, and yellow) and five words (back, cold, face, home, and look) for the colour matching and reading words (p. 353). What they found was that the younger children had more Stroop interference than the older children. Although this study was interesting to read, it would seem that this topic would n ot be very important in helping children learn how

Role of women in math science and engineering field Essay

Role of women in math science and engineering field - Essay Example Most of the medieval French women scientists living in the ‘Witch Craze’ timeline, such as Martine de Martine de Berterau du Chatalet (famously as Baroness de Beausoleil), did not have formal education. They grew up in social environments conducive for intellectual development or lived in families of scientists. However, the case of Martine de Berterau du Chatalet is not clear, but records indicate that she was married to Jean de Chastelet, Baron de Beausoleil et dAuffenbach and a renowned expert in mining and mineralogy in Europe during the seventeenth century. There are limited sources of information and facts concerning French women scientists, especially during the Witch Craze. This is partly due to the obsession of secrecy by female scientists fearing to be branded as witches. In the mediaeval society, the fear of witchcraft led to the death of a significant number of women, majority of whom constituted the wise women of the French community in the fields of midwifery, alchemists, and herbalists (Rayner-Canham 23). This is what befell Baroness de Beausoleil. Baroness de Beausoleil sought to practice modern science in the seventeenth century. She used a variety of metal rods and hazel branches to locate water and rich mineral deposits. Together with her husband, they travelled through Hungarian, Germany, Polish, Central Europe, Scotia, Sweden, and Papal States, exploring and discovering deposits and mines, as well as studying the basement resources and the prospecting and mining operations in Bolivia. Her tools, practices, and methods incorporated alchemy, astrology, and dowsing. In the book â€Å"Woman in Science†, Mozans reflects Baroness de Beausoleil as lacking patience with those who believed that the hidden treasures of the earth could not be found without the aid of demons or witchcraft magic. More significantly, the book highlights her ridicule to those who believing in

Assisted Suicide Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assisted Suicide - Term Paper Example This question is of great value to the society as well as health care practitioners. An answer to this problem can be obtained through arguments that are in favor and not in favor of assisted suicide. According to Webster, assisted suicide falls under the umbrella of euthanasia (McDougall, 2008, p.1). The term euthanasia is referred to as good death, this term is mostly used when health care practitioners ends a patient life in order to help him avoid his unbearable sufferings. Euthanasia is divided into two kinds, active and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia refers to activities conducted to put an end to a patient’s life; it is even recognized mercy killing. Majority of the jurisdictions around the world has pronounced mercy killing as illegal and has even referred to it as murder. Passive euthanasia refers to an act of allowing a patient to die even when there are available procedures to delay the death. Examples of passive euthanasia include instances when patients den y treatments that can delay the death of a patient, this kind of euthanasia falls under the category of natural death. Body Suicide is term used to refer to an individual’s act of taking his/her own life, assisted suicide is a term used to refer to the help that an individual has while he takes his/her own life. In case of assisted suicide, the healthcare practitioner or the person providing care to the patient provides a method to the patient to take his/her own life and the patient himself, willfully adopts the provided method to put an end to his lie and suffering. Assisted suicide can either fall in the category of active or passive euthanasia, whether an act of assisted suicide is active or passive euthanasia depends on the meaning attach to the assistance provided to the patient. Examples: a drug used to take life is prescribed by a doctor to his/her patient while the doctor knows that the patient wishes to put an end to his life, a nurse supplying a medicine to the pat ient and the drug is used can put an end to the patient’s life and a health care practitioner helping the patient in every step of taking his/her own life, steps include: placement of the drug in the patients mouth, and assisting him in swallowing the drug. Pro Assisted Suicide There are various reasons due to which patients opt for assisted suicide rather than bearing the pain before natural death. One of the reasons is the lack of proper care and inhumane activities conducted by the caregivers in health care centers. This means that individuals are not being properly cared for in healthcare centers due to which a patient’s pain increases and they demand for death. Factors that have been proposed that make an individual wish for assisted suicide are threat of being isolated, pain not being cured, depression, threat of loss, feeling of helplessness and concerns regarding family. Another reason that makes individuals wish for assisted suicide is that patients know that they are ultimately going to die even if they use technology and treatment to delay, thus they opt to die rather than being unable to control their death. Due to these disturbing reasons, patients lose hope and accept death as a better alternative. According to the judicial system of US, a patient or an individual (patient) has a right to decide whether they want to live or die, patients in America obtained the right to accept

Definition assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Definition - Assignment Example Notably, the continuum development is the ground to understand the development of every child. Therefore, continuum of development must not be regarded as a tool for assessing progress in children based against certain benchmarks or outcomes. Moreover, it should not be used to analyze or screen children to identify their developmental difficulties. Nonetheless, the continued development should be applied by the practitioners to outline the sequential development steps that a child or children should be followed and the same must be developed from what is observed to be common among the majority of the observed children. However, the process should not block the use of the universally known skills and patterns that are being achieved as per specific timetables (Best Start Expert Panel on Early Learning, 2007). Hence, it is a process that aims at providing guides towards identifying sequences that form the foundation in child development that are in turn are incorporated in the early childhood curriculum. Moreover, it should provide pedagogy that verifies the setting of the developmental curriculum. The main essence of the continuum of development is to help adults every child’s growth, strengths, and challenges in order to provide them with supporting plan as an individual child or as a group (Best Start Expert Panel on Early Learning,

Systems management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Systems management - Essay Example It shows how information technology can help educational institutions develop strategies to survive and grow in this modern world. Second section of this report covers specific discussion on the role of IT in the education sector. It offers suggestions and recommendations to improve the education and training sector. In this scenario, it suggests how an information system (web based platform) can help education institutions offer facilities and services to the students and teaching staff. Education and training is one of the most important concerns of today’s world. After the emergence of web, this area has comprehensively evolved and attained a greater performance. In addition, by making use of new and advanced learning tools and web based information systems institutions are presently gaining a lot of benefits. This section will outline some important aspects of information requirements and management decision-making at different levels within the education and training industry. According to Psarras (2006), the society is going towards the new era where the future fundamentally will be determined through peoples capability to intelligently utilize information, a valuable global resource that is the personification of human intellectual technology and capital. The new information-based business and economy offers a great deal worth on the distribution of information and knowledge, and its creation. In this new economy, companies and individuals are required to pay attention on enhancing and maintaining their information capital in order to remain competitive, since their capability to adapt learn and change became a core competency for survival. It is apparent that in this new information-based financial system need for training and education will increase. In case of effective establishment of economic system, new economy offers the transformation in companies

Ethical or Unethical Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical or Unethical Argument - Essay Example Ethical arguments are based on evidence or fact which can be proven and cannot be challenged by multiple people. The evidence or fact is such that has been scientifically proven or is a fact based on recorded events that cannot be questioned. However, arguments based on mere opinion are those that are based on a person’s personal perception of things and require individual analysis. Inflicting your opinion on other people or trying to mold their opinion according to yours without providing facts or reasons is considered unethical (Vaughn, pp. 236-237). Some arguments contain sound reasoning or logic and consider others viewpoint within them before drawing to a conclusion. These arguments are based on logic, fact, and contain proof of reasoning instead of relying upon a single person’s judgment. Unethical arguments do not consider the viewpoint or perception of others and lack sound reasoning. They are based upon mere opinion or a single person’s judgment. They may be based upon inferences or predictions and may also carry the elements of prejudice and biases. Most of the time, unethical ways of argument cause harm to a certain cause without due reason and are concerned with the most trivial concepts (Stevenson, pg. 15). Hitler’s argument against the Jews and the argument for breeding a â€Å"better race† was an argument based primarily on his own opinion and prejudices. Other arguments which stereotype certain religions, races, ethnicities, and people, in general, are also considered unethical arguments as they are based upon mere opinion rather than objective fact which are non-refutable (Stevenson, pg. 22). In order to argue in an ethical manner, a person must consider the reason for which they are arguing. The purpose of the argument or the outcome that wants to be achieved must be such that must not cause undue harm to anyone and must not hurt anyone’s beliefs without due reason.

Human Resources and Organizational Effectiveness case 5 Essay

Human Resources and Organizational Effectiveness case 5 - Essay Example The Chinese markets have also faces a surge as there has been a huge drop in the social and cultural barriers. This has been a major cause for the businesses to be able to set up the businesses and work more earnestly. Also the SMEs of China have been known for supplying parts and services to the world’s top companies. This has formed a main characteristic of the Chinese SMEs. The fact that the parts are supplied from Chinese SMEs across the world simply means that the demand for the SME depends to a very great extent on the demand of the giants where the company provide for the goods and services. It is quite difficult to ignore the significance of the SMEs in the Chinese economy. It has also been noted that the Chinese foreign exchange markets and the foreign experts have estimated that the country has been contributed as much as 60% of the total industrial output. Also it provides as much as 75% of the workforce of the country. SMEs are responsible for creating most new urb an jobs, and they are the main destination for workers laid-off from state-owned enterprises (SOEs) that re-enter the workforce. This fact of the companies providing a high level of jobs to the workforce in the country has been recognised by the government however it has also lead to a number of social unrest within the country. Chinese officials have said that SMEs would be more important for preserving social stability than the nascent social security system once increased foreign competition as a result of Chinas WTO entry forces more layoffs from uncompetitive state-owned firms. It has also been noted by the local experts that the employees aged over 40 and 50s are being removed from the jobs, specially those with a lack of skills to be able to compete in the private ventures. The next essential step is to consider the plausible strategy for Chinese SME in the manufacturing industry. There are two main strategies that need to be

Case Analysis on Satyam Essay Example for Free

Case Analysis on Satyam Essay This case illustrates the downfall of Satyam, one of the biggest IT giants in India, because of the fraudulent activities carried out by its founder Mr. Ramalinga Raju and his associates. Business world at that point had garnered immense respect for Satyam in terms of risk management and corporate governance practices and Satyam was ranked as the fourth largest IT Company in India. This was the case before December 16, 2008, when Satyam promoter Mr. Ramalinga Raju proposed his intent to acquire Matyas Infra and Matyas Properties. When this announcement of acquisition reached to the public, investors had a tremendously negative reaction towards Satyam’s decision. Satyam founder eventually admitted fraud in a financial statement revealing that he had been cooking the books of Satyam for quite some time. Raju and his team manipulated cash balance, bank balance, accrued interest figures, overstated debtors and understated liability in order to manipulate the share prices of the company in the market by misleading its investors and the public. After admission of fraud, share prices of Satyam sharply fell down and Satyam was eventually removed from the New York stock exchange and the Bombay stock exchange. The US investors initiated several class action suits against Satyam for its fraudulent activities and top executives of Satyam were charged with violation of federal securities laws by issuing false and misleading financial statements. The Satyam scandal has shaken the roots of the Indian financial market and has put a big question mark on corporate governance and how far corporations (people) can go to enhance their own personal benefits. Major Issues in the Case Corporate governance Satyam failed to follow the corporate governance practices that every firm was meant to follow, it looked for loop hopes that could be tweaked to enhance the company’s profit and hide liabilities from the investors as well as the general public. The Satyam Board was composed of ‘chairman-friendly’ directors who failed to question managements strategy. They were also extremely slow to act when it was known that the company was in financial distress. The Board ignored critical information related to financial wrongdoings before the company ultimately collapsed. Agency problems The Chairman (Ramalinga Raju) and the CFO (Srinivas Vadlamani) worked together to defraud the stakeholders for their personal gain, while the investors thought that the company was generating revenues, and investing in different areas. Clearly, the Chairman and CFO had personal gain in mind rather than company benefit. There also seems to be conflicting interest of the management and the shareholders i. e. the management wanted to take over two construction companies Maytas properties and Maytas Infra which was against the interest of the shareholders. Arguments It’s hard to imagine a leading company like Satyam manipulating its financial statements but in this highly competitive industry it is necessary to remain profitable in order to survive in the long-run. This is perhaps the reason why Satyam resorted to manipulating its financial statement. We can see that there were large amount of manipulation in the income statement as well as in the balance sheet of Satyam’s financial statements. Manipulation in the Income Statement The income statement consisted of some inconsistencies that were made intentionally to maintain the level of profitability of the company. The amount of sales revenue has been overstated by Rs. 588 crore i. e. was recorded as Rs. 2700 crore instead of Rs. 2112 crore. The operating profit margin was recorded as Rs. 649 crore (i. e. 24 % of the sale revenue) when the actual operating profit margin was Rs. 61 crore (i. e. 3 % of the sales revenue). The number of employee was also manipulated i. e. it was recorded as 52000 employees when the actual number of employees was only 43622 employees. Manipulation in the Balance Sheet  The balance sheet also seemed to have some level of inconsistencies from the actual value that were done intentionally to show a strong liquidity position of the company. The cash balance that was recorded as Rs. 5361 crore consisted of non-existence amount of Rs. 5040 crore i. e. the actual cash balance was Rs. 321 crore. The assets side also consisted of accrued interest of Rs. 376 crore which was non-existent and the debtors amount was overstated by Rs. 490 crore i. e. the actual value of debtor was Rs. 2161 crore whereas the recorded value was Rs. 2651 crore. The liability side of he balance sheet was understated by Rs. 1230 crore which was the amount borrowed from the known sources by Mr. Raju to ensure the operations are running. Even after such manipulations the regulatory authorities, the independent executive and the external auditors were not able to raise the red flag which shows that there is a huge hole in the corporate governance. The company also seems to be having conflicting interest between the management and the shareholders. The company was looking to diversify its business by taking over the construction companies Maytas Properties and Maytas Infra at a cost of 1. billion dollars. Satyam was looking to enter the real-estate business but this was a surprising strategic decision for the shareholders. The shareholders wanted Satyam to expand in related businesses. The negative reaction of the shareholders toward the decision caused the share prices to fall by 70% in a just a few days of the decision. Managerial Implication Agency problem The problem of motivating one party to act on behalf of another can be called the principal-agent problem or agency problem for short. (Wikipedia, 2013) Agency problems arise in a variety of different contexts. The agency problem usually refers to a conflict of interest between a companys management and the companys stockholders. The manager, acting as the agent for the shareholders, or principals, is supposed to make decisions that will maximize shareholder wealth. However, the decision must be in the favor of all parties but it was not the case with Satyam. Satyam decided to acquire Maytas Properties and Maytas Infra. The shareholders resisted the decision claiming it to be unrelated business and acquisition should not take place with Maytas which became a finishing blow to the company. Corporate governance and business ethics Corporate governance refers to the system by which corporations are directed and controlled. The governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation (such as the board of directors, managers, shareholders, creditors, auditors, regulators, and other stakeholders) and specifies the rules and procedures for making decisions in corporate affairs. (Wikipedia, 2013) Governance is a mechanism for monitoring the actions, policies and decisions of corporations. On a quarterly basis, Satyam’s earnings grew. Mr. Raju admitted that the fraud which he committed amounted to nearly $276 million. In the process, Satyam violated all the rules of corporate governance. The Satyam scam has been an example for following poor governance practices. The issue of governance rose at Satyam because of non fulfillment of the obligation of the company towards its stakeholders like separating roles of board and management, and also the role of CEO and chairman. Business ethics reflects the philosophy of business, one of whose aims is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. Business ethics are implemented in order to ensure that a certain required level of trust exists between consumers and various forms of market participants with businesses (Investopedia, 2013). The culture in Satyam, especially dominated by the board, symbolized such an unethical culture. Satyam as the smallest of the four players was under pressure to show good results in order to survive. Apart from this there was greed causing them to indulge in unethical behavior. On the one hand, Raju’s rise to stardom in the corporate world joined with immense pressure to impress investors made him a compelled leader to deliver outstanding results. On the contrary, Mr. Raju had to suppress his own morals and values in favor of the greater good of the company. The lure of big compensation to members further encouraged such behavior. In the end the fraud came to an end and the implications were great. Alternatives The failure of company like Satyam which had been awarded for its corporate governance and risk management creates a dilemma for the investors as to which company to believe and invest. Hence, investors, board, government intervention, accounting standards and ethics and Code of conduct must all work hand in hand to resolve the issue. Investors play an important role in detecting fraudulent activities of a company. They must ensure that information about the company is latest and from trustable source. Hence, they should take more care and compare the trend of the company with the industry before investing. Board must monitor the ethical policies and the way they are being maintained in the company. Transparency and effectiveness in auditing and regulatory checks through internal and external auditors and monitoring agencies should be maintained as it helps to build and maintain trust and loyalty from stakeholders, increase goodwill and investor’s confidence and establish long lasting credibility for the company. Government should play an active role in company’s affair, frequently checks of the company’s performance and take necessary steps to discourage malpractice and falsification. There is a need to create strong measures to prevent fraudulent activities from happening in future and the auditing firms also need to be brought under the regulatory umbrella. Moreover, all companies need to practice ethical behavior. Every company should also have its own fraud detection mechanism. It is also important for companies to establish an organizational culture, which supports ethical conduct through a code of conduct and properly laid out corporate governance policies and procedures.

A Study On Business Forecasting Statistics Essay

A Study On Business Forecasting Statistics Essay The aim of this report is to show my understanding of business forecasting using data which was drawn from the UK national statistics. It is a quarterly series of total consumer credit gross lending in the UK from the second quarter 1993 to the second quarter 2009. The report answers four key questions that are relevant to the coursework. In this section the data will be examined, looking for seasonal effects, trends and cycles. Each time period represents a single piece of data, which must be split into trend-cycle and seasonal effect. The line graph in Figure 1 identifies a clear upward trend-cycle, which must be removed so that the seasonal effect can be predicted. Figure 1 displays long-term credit lending in the UK, which has recently been hit by an economic crisis. Figure 2 also proves there is evidence of a trend because the ACF values do not come down to zero. Even though the trend is clear in Figure 1 and 2 the seasonal pattern is not. Therefore, it is important the trend-cycle is removed so the seasonal effect can be estimated clearly. Using a process called differencing will remove the trend whilst keeping the pattern. Drawing scattering plots and calculating correlation coefficients on the differenced data will reveal the pattern repeat. Scatter Plot correlation The following diagram (Figure 3) represents the correlation between the original credit lending data and four lags (quarters). A strong correlation is represented by is showed by a straight-line relationship. As depicted in Figure 3, the scatter plot diagrams show that the credit lending data against lag 4 represents the best straight line. Even though the last diagram represents the straightest line, the seasonal pattern is still unclear. Therefore differencing must be used to resolve this issue. Differencing Differencing is used to remove a trend-cycle component. Figure 4 results display an ACF graph, which indicates a four-point pattern repeat. Moreover, figure 5 shows a line graph of the first difference. The graph displays a four-point repeat but the trend is still clearly apparent. To remove the trend completely the data must differenced a second time. First differencing is a useful tool for removing non-stationary. However, first differencing does not always eliminate non-stationary and the data may have to be differenced a second time. In practice, it is not essential to go beyond second differencing, because real data generally involve non-stationary of only the first or second level. Figure 6 and 7 displays the second difference data. Figure 6 displays an ACF graph of the second difference, which reinforces the idea of a four-point repeat. Suffice to say, figure 7 proves the trend-cycle component has been completely removed and that there is in fact a four-point pattern repeat. Question 2 Multiple regression involves fitting a linear expression by minimising the sum of squared deviations between the sample data and the fitted model. There are several models that regression can fit. Multiple regression can be implemented using linear and nonlinear regression. The following section explains multiple regression using dummy variables. Dummy variables are used in a multiple regression to fit trends and pattern repeats in a holistic way. As the credit lending data is now seasonal, a common method used to handle the seasonality in a regression framework is to use dummy variables. The following section will include dummy variables to indicate the quarters, which will be used to indicate if there are any quarterly influences on sales. The three new variables can be defined: Q1 = first quarter Q2 = second quarter Q3 = third quarter Trend and seasonal models using model variables The following equations are used by SPSS to create different outputs. Each model is judged in terms of its adjusted R2. Linear trend + seasonal model Data = a + c time + b1 x Q1 + b2 x Q2 + b3 x Q3 + error Quadratic trend + seasonal model Data = a + c time + b1 x Q1 + b2 x Q2 + b3 x Q3 + error Cubic trend + seasonal model Data = a + c time + b1 x Q1 + b2 x Q2 + b3 x Q3 + error Initially, data and time columns were inputted that displayed the trends. Moreover, the sales data was regressed against time and the dummy variables. Due to multi-collinearity (i.e. at least one of the variables being completely determined by the others) there was no need for all four variables, just Q1, Q2 and Q3. Linear regression Linear regression is used to define a line that comes closest to the original credit lending data. Moreover, linear regression finds values for the slope and intercept that find the line that minimizes the sum of the square of the vertical distances between the points and the lines. Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .971a .943 .939 3236.90933 Figure 8. SPSS output displaying the adjusted coefficient of determination R squared Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 17115.816 1149.166 14.894 .000 time 767.068 26.084 .972 29.408 .000 Q1 -1627.354 1223.715 -.054 -1.330 .189 Q2 -838.519 1202.873 -.028 -.697 .489 Q3 163.782 1223.715 .005 .134 .894 Figure 9 The adjusted coefficient of determination R squared is 0.939, which is an excellent fit (Figure 8). The coefficient of variable ‘time, 767.068, is positive, indicating an upward trend. All the coefficients are not significant at the 5% level (0.05). Hence, variables must be removed. Initially, Q3 is removed because it is the least significant variable (Figure 9). Once Q3 is removed it is still apparent Q2 is the least significant value. Although Q3 and Q2 is removed, Q1 is still not significant. All the quarterly variables must be removed, therefore, leaving time as the only variable, which is significant. Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 16582.815 866.879 19.129 .000 time 765.443 26.000 .970 29.440 .000 Figure 10 The following table (Table 1) analyses the original forecast against the holdback data using data in Figure 10. The following equation is used to calculate the predicted values. Predictedvalues = 16582.815+765.443*time Original Data Predicted Values 50878.00 60978.51 52199.00 61743.95 50261.00 62509.40 49615.00 63274.84 47995.00 64040.28 45273.00 64805.72 42836.00 65571.17 43321.00 66336.61 Table 1 Suffice to say, this model is ineffective at predicting future values. As the original holdback data decreases for each quarter, the predicted values increase during time, showing no significant correlation. Non-Linear regression Non-linear regression aims to find a relationship between a response variable and one or more explanatory variables in a non-linear fashion. (Quadratic) Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .986a .972 .969 2305.35222 Figure 11 Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 11840.996 1099.980 10.765 .000 time 1293.642 75.681 1.639 17.093 .000 time2 -9.079 1.265 -.688 -7.177 .000 Q1 -1618.275 871.540 -.054 -1.857 .069 Q2 -487.470 858.091 -.017 -.568 .572 Q3 172.861 871.540 .006 .198 .844 Figure 12 The quadratic non-linear adjusted coefficient of determination R squared is 0.972 (Figure 11), which is a slight improvement on the linear coefficient (Figure 8). The coefficient of variable ‘time, 1293.642, is positive, indicating an upward trend, whereas, ‘time2, is -9.079, which is negative. Overall, the positive and negative values indicate a curve in the trend. All the coefficients are not significant at the 5% level. Hence, variables must also be removed. Initially, Q3 is removed because it is the least significant variable (Figure 9). Once Q3 is removed it is still apparent Q2 is the least significant value. Once Q2 and Q3 have been removed it is obvious Q1 is under the 5% level, meaning it is significant (Figure 13). Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 11698.512 946.957 12.354 .000 time 1297.080 74.568 1.643 17.395 .000 time2 -9.143 1.246 -.693 -7.338 .000 Q1 -1504.980 700.832 -.050 -2.147 .036 Figure 13 Table 2 displays analysis of the original forecast against the holdback data using data in Figure 13. The following equation is used to calculate the predicted values: QuadPredictedvalues = 11698.512+1297.080*time+(-9.143)*time2+(-1504.980)*Q1 Original Data Predicted Values 50878.00 56172.10 52199.00 56399.45 50261.00 55103.53 49615.00 56799.29 47995.00 56971.78 45273.00 57125.98 42836.00 55756.92 43321.00 57379.54 Table 2 Compared to Table 1, Table 2 presents predicted data values that are closer in range, but are not accurate enough. Non-Linear model (Cubic) Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .997a .993 .992 1151.70013 Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 17430.277 710.197 24.543 .000 time 186.531 96.802 .236 1.927 .060 time2 38.217 3.859 2.897 9.903 .000 time3 -.544 .044 -2.257 -12.424 .000 Q1 -1458.158 435.592 -.048 -3.348 .002 Q2 -487.470 428.682 -.017 -1.137 .261 Q3 12.745 435.592 .000 .029 .977 Figure 15 The adjusted coefficient of determination R squared is 0.992, which is the best fit (Figure 14). The coefficient of variable ‘time, 186.531, and time2, 38.217, is positive, indicating an upward trend. The coefficient of ‘time3 is -.544, which indicates a curve in trend. All the coefficients are not significant at the 5% level. Hence, variables must be removed. Initially, Q3 is removed because it is the least significant variable (Figure 15). Once Q3 is removed it is still apparent Q2 is the least significant value. Once Q3 and Q2 have been removed Q1 is now significant but the ‘time variable is not so it must also be removed. Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 18354.735 327.059 56.120 .000 time2 45.502 .956 3.449 47.572 .000 time3 -.623 .017 -2.586 -35.661 .000 Q1 -1253.682 362.939 -.042 -3.454 .001 Figure 16 Table 3 displays analysis of the original forecast against the holdback data using data in Figure 16. The following equation is used to calculate the predicted values: CubPredictedvalues = 18354.735+45.502*time2+(-.623)*time3+(-1253.682)*Q1 Original Data Predicted Values 50878.00 49868.69 52199.00 48796.08 50261.00 46340.25 49615.00 46258.51 47995.00 44786.08 45273.00 43172.89 42836.00 40161.53 43321.00 39509.31 Table 3 Suffice to say, the cubic model displays the most accurate predicted values compared to the linear and quadratic models. Table 3 shows that the original data and predicted values gradually decrease. Question 3 Box Jenkins is used to find a suitable formula so that the residuals are as small as possible and exhibit no pattern. The model is built only involving a few steps, which may be repeated as necessary, resulting with a specific formula that replicates the patterns in the series as closely as possible and also produces accurate forecasts. The following section will show a combination of decomposition and Box-Jenkins ARIMA approaches. For each of the original variables analysed by the procedure, the Seasonal Decomposition procedure creates four new variables for the modelling data: SAF: Seasonal factors SAS: Seasonally adjusted series, i.e. de-seasonalised data, representing the original series with seasonal variations removed. STC: Smoothed trend-cycle component, which is smoothed version of the seasonally adjusted series that shows both trend and cyclic components. ERR: The residual component of the series for a particular observation Autoregressive (AR) models can be effectively coupled with moving average (MA) models to form a general and useful class of time series models called autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models,. However, they can only be used when the data is stationary. This class of models can be extended to non-stationary series by allowing differencing of the data series. These are called autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. The variable SAS will be used in the ARIMA models because the original credit lending data is de-seasonalised. As the data in Figure 19 is de-seasonalised it is important the trend is removed, which results in seasonalised data. Therefore, as mentioned before, the data must be differenced to remove the trend and create a stationary model. Model Statistics Model Number of Predictors Model Fit statistics Ljung-Box Q(18) Number of Outliers Stationary R-squared Normalized BIC Statistics DF Sig. Seasonal adjusted series for creditlending from SEASON, MOD_2, MUL EQU 4-Model_1 0 .485 14.040 18.693 15 .228 0 Model Statistics Model Number of Predictors Model Fit statistics Ljung-Box Q(18) Number of Outliers Stationary R-squared Normalized BIC Statistics DF Sig. Seasonal adjusted series for creditlending from SEASON, MOD_2, MUL EQU 4-Model_1 0 .476 13.872 16.572 17 .484 0 ARMA (3,2,0) Original Data Predicted Values 50878.00 50335.29843 52199.00 50252.00595 50261.00 50310.44277 49615.00 49629.75233 47995.00

The Music Era Of Baroque

The Music Era Of Baroque In Western music, the period that extends from 1600 to 1750 is known as the Baroque era. Characteristics of Baroque music are complexity, emotional, overly ornamented and embellished. Usually Baroque music was homophonic in texture, one melody with a single high voice or instrument, combined with bass chords or accompaniment. This basso continuo is a notable feature of this period. The bass lines are performed by bass voices or instruments such as cellos or bassoons. In Baroque music, the continuo is also performed by an organ or harpsichord. Composers of this era developed the method of writing music in clearly defined major and minor modes. Rhythm became fixed and continual. There was a distinction between free, improvisatory style and order, control and system. There was an emphasis on emotional expression. By acting on emotion they believed that music should move the listener. Word painting without words became one of the most basic emotional elements of Baroque music. Opera was developed to meet this general desire for personal emotions. Introduced in Florence, Italy around 1600, opera quickly expanded all over Europe. It became the most glamorous and probably the most adventurous and influential artistic genre of the Baroque era (Listen pg154). The opera is drama presented in music, with characters singing instead of speaking. It is a combination of several arts, including music, poetry, drama, acting, scene design, set and costume design and choreography. Opera seria, or serious opera, was the predominant type of Italian Baroque opera. Opera seria plots were based on ancient Greek history and tragic historical events. They were designed to stir up powerful emotions, such as passion, rage, grief, and triumph (Listen pg155). This style allowed virtuoso singers to express their thoughts and feelings through their singing. Opera seria singers were solo soprano or mezzo-soprano, which included castrati, young boys who were castrated to preserve their voices in the soprano range. The acts of an opera seria consist primarily of alternating recitatives and arias. Recitative comes from the Italian word reciting and is a type of vocal music that is tailored to the rhythms of speech. The primary purpose is to present information and advance the plot. Most accompaniments in a recitative are kept to a minimum, usually just the cello and harpsichord playing a basso continuo. The second form, accompanied recitative, used a full orchestra for tense dramatic situations. An aria is a melodic or lyrical piece for a solo voice with an instrumental accompaniment. Arias are usually very complex, vocally demanding and are one of the most powerful ingredients in opera. Here the singer-actor expresses their thoughts and feelings instead of reacting moment by moment as in a recitative. The most frequently used form for the Baroque Italian opera was the da capo form, A B A. The aria begins with composition A, moves through B, and repeats the words and music of A in a da capo or from the head form. The composers wrote part A and B, but allowed the singers to improvise and enhance the music with runs and cadences to create an powerful enhanced effect the second time around (Listen pg157). At the height of the Baroque period, the most successful opera composer was George Frederic Handel. Handel was born in Germany in 1685. Unlike other musicians of the time, Handel was not born into a family of musicians, his father was a barber-surgeon. Handel began his career studying law, but soon realized his talent for music and joined the orchestra at Hamburg, Germany. He became an accomplished organist and violinist. He briefly held a position as a court musician with the elector of Hanover, but longed for a career in London. After leaving Hanover, Handel arrived in London and found his passion for Italian operas. For thirty-one years, he wrote and produced 40 Italian operas including Giulio Cesare (Julius Caesar). Fisher, Burton D. A History of Opera: Milestones and Metamorphoses. Coral Gables, FL: Opera Journeys Publishing, 2003. Print. Kerman, Joseph, and Gary Tomlinson and Vivian Kerman. Listen. 6th ed. Boston, New York: Bedford / St. Martins, 2008. Print. Discuss the Classical Era symphony genre and the composer Franz Joseph Haydn and his Symphony No. 95 in C Minor. (Suggested minimum length 750 words) Use Chapter 12 as a guide for formulating The musical style that followed the Baroque era is known today as the Classical style. The eighteenth- century movement known as the Enlightenment brought about challenges and changes in thought and behavior. During this period, the Age of Enlightenment created a widespread love of music among the middle class. This growing interest affected the manner of presentation with public concerts becoming the focus of compositions. This period gave rise to a new musical style, symphonies that enabled composers to tell musical stories. A symphony is a large body of work with four sections called movements. The movements are opening, slow, minuet (with trio), and closing. This classical style of music emphasizes melody and harmony over polyphony. The first movement of a symphony has a structure called sonata form. It is the emotional core of the whole work (Listen pg 183). The sonata form is based on themes presented in a three-part structure. Exposition, the first part, exposes the listener to the two melodies of the symphony. Then a new section is presented, development, which develops the two themes, varying them, making intriguing musical associations. Finally, in the recapitulation, the first theme is reintroduced in the same order as the beginning, but with minor changes. The second movement is a contrast to the first. No standardized form for slow movements. Minuet or classical dance form was used to compose a third movement in a symphony. The classical era focused on a single stylized dance and introduced it into many different genres. It also carried over some of the Baroque musical forms within it, especially dances such as the minuets. Franz Joseph Haydn was born in Austria in 1732. Unlike other musicians, Haydn did not come from a family of professional musicians. His father was an Austrian village wheelwright and amateur musician. Haydn had a spectacular singing voice, and at the age of eight, was selected to go to Vienna and join the choir of St. Stephens Cathedral. After years as a freelance musician, Haydn was given the job of Kapellmeister by Prince Paul Anton Esterhà ¡zy. The prince was a passonate lover of music and gave him daily access to a small orchestra. Haydn composed 104 symphonies, 83 string quartets, and over 20 operas. Later in life, Haydn wrote twelve symphonies for concerts performed in London, named the London Symphonies. Haydns Symphony No. 95 in C minor(1791) is the third of this famous twelve and the only one written in a minor key. Symphony No. 95 in C Minor has the standard four movement musical form. The opening movement is the classic fast tempo sonata form. The movement begins with a somber exposition of theme one in the minor mode, then moves on to theme two in the major mode. The lively and sizable development alternates from theme one, theme two and back to one. The recapitulation returns to theme one in the minor mode, but changes to the major mode for theme two. In the second movement, Haydn uses his favorite variation form of |: a :||: b :|, in a lyrical, lighthearted tune of only strings. Variation one begins with cello solo, then violins, followed by variation two, in the minor mode, which end with the wind instruments playing forte. This transitions to variation three in the major mode using the strings and winds. The second movement ends with the coda of strings and wind solos. Haydns Symphony No. 95 in C Minor third movement is in minuet (with trio) form. The movement is energetic and teeming with musical humor. It is in the A B A theme pattern: minuet, trio, minuet. Then phrase a begins quietly in the minor mode, then repeats in the major mode, followed by b. Phrase a is repeated back in the minor mode, with an abrupt pause and fermata, (longer than the usual note length). Then a return to the minor mode, repeating b, a ending the first minuet. The contrasting trio begins in the major key introducing phrase c, with a cello solo at a slower tempo throughout. It continues repeating phrases c, then d, c, d and c. The minuet returns quietly, formal and unchanged. Haydn closes the symphony on a bright note by setting the Finale in C major. Haydn is the composer who did more than any other to create the Classical style of music, which emphasizes melody and harmony over polyphony.

Arthur Millers The Crucible :: Arthur Miller Crucible Essays

Arthur Miller's The Crucible Before anyone says anything, drama is presented to the reader in a visual way. We see the first trial being held in non-other that the village Church; A place of holy gathering for the whole village. The Church being used, as a courtroom would usually seem absurd, this shows the audience that this is no ordinary trial, and what is going to happen is very important. Martha Corey is being accused of witchcraft. The mere fact that she is being accused of such a crime is dramatic, but then her husband Giles Corey bursts in interrupting telling of the accusations being false and accumulating of greed and jealousy. The audience is shocked by this and wander how the judge will react to such an outrage. The audience now realises that the people conducting the witch-hunt are out of control, and the village is turning into a rotten society. The trial is built on society rules and not on fair justice. They should be able to trust the courts decisions, but as of now it looks like they cannot. The reader is shocked when they hear the amount that judge Danforth has condemned. It puts him in the line of power in their eyes, and the village's. Giles and Danforth are constantly interrupting one another, Danforth has a strong ego, but Giles has a strong will to present his case and make it heard to the judge. Although Giles is desperate to argue his case, he shows his inadequacies to the reader. His desperation to argue his case comes to an end when Danforth has him removed from the court. Danforth's power becomes visually more evident, and it seems nothing can surpass him. This makes the reader's thoughts trail onto wandering if he will listen to anyone at all, and also if there is anyone that can indeed order him around. After the drama the reader knows that this should alter the courts view on the matter, but they expect it wont because of Danforth's arrogance to listen to anyone but himself. This adds even more to the powerful person that is Danforth, he is becoming ever more higher in power as we progress through the trial. Proctor accuses the girls of pretending, this creates drama for the reader as we see a morally powerful figure like proctor standing up for what he sees is right. It makes the reader more confident about the truth being unfolded. Hale is excited of Proctor's claims, and begins to see Proctors view point and shares it also. Now Hale is beginning to believe the girls are pretending also, the reader gets a

Beatrice of William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing Essay examples

Beatrice of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing One of the most intriguing characters from Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing must be Beatrice. An intelligent, well-spoken (and, perhaps more interesting, outspoken) young woman, she is an almost exact opposite of her cousin, Hero. What makes Beatrice so different than what one expects of a woman during Shakespeare’s time? Why did Shakespeare decide to make her such a strong female character? It begs the question of what women were actually like in the Tudor era, and if she was really so radical a character. Beatrice is very different than the common expectation of women by people looking back on Shakespeare’s period and of the public of Shakespeare’s time in many ways. As previously stated, she is outspoken, intelligent and does not wish to be married. This is strange, considering that around the time that Shakespeare was writing (give or take a few hundred years), women were being restricted in their studies, writing and in society (Wiesner, 3). There are many examples of women being restricted by the law in society, as Merry E. Wiesner stated in her essay: In regard to the basic obligations and duties of citizenship, little distinction was made between men and women; all heads of households were required to pay taxes†¦ and obey all laws. Beyond that, however, there were clear legal restrictions on what the female half of the population could do. Women differed from men in their ability to be witnesses, make wills, act as guardians for their own children†¦ These limitations appear in the earliest extant law codes and were sharpened and broadened as the law codes themselves were expanded. (4) With societal views such as this, it was no doubt odd to see such a... ... even a bit closer to the ideals about women presented at the time. In many ways, Beatrice is ahead of her time as far as how she is presented. In other ways, though, she is no different than real women, and is simply a representation of those real women on the stage (such as Queen Elizabeth I). Though she is almost the exact opposite of her more mainstream idea cousin, Hero, Beatrice is not so taboo or radical when it comes down to a deeper inspection of women, society and her character. Works Cited Marcus, Leah S. â€Å"Shakespeare’s Comic Heroines, Elizabeth I, and the Political Uses of Androgyny.† Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. pp 135-153 Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing. Sim, Alison. The Tudor Housewife. pp 3, 126. Wiesner, Merry E. â€Å"Women’s Defense of Their Public Role.† Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. pp 1-27.

Comparing Shakespeares Caliban to the African-American Essay -- Compa

Comparing Shakespeare's Caliban to the African-American Caliban, immediately introduced as "poisonous slave," "savage," "hag-seed," is a character often likened to the African- American slave. The ease and matter-of-factness with which Prospero and Miranda dismiss him is painfully obvious even before he enters the scene (Act 1, Scene 3). Through no fault of his own, Caliban is dehumanized by the authority of his day and dismissed by the important members of his society. He looks much different from the others on the island, so he is not seen as a true human being; in fact, his only redemption lies in the fact that he is able to learn the language in order to serve the master. The predicament in which the black American found himself undoubtedly resounded in painful familiarity to Shakespeare's Caliban, so it is quite understandable that writers would paint a picture of Caliban as the oppressed African- American slave. There are many similarities that African- Americans share with Caliban. One issue that bears remarkable similarities is the issue of identity. For the African- American, "Alienated from the world to which he is born and from the country of which he is a citizen, yet surrounded by the successful values of that world, and country, how can the Negro define himself?" (Penn, p.17) Caliban, while he was not taken from his homeland, his homeland was taken from him and ruled by people very different from him socially and physically. As a result, he was told that his appearance and way of life were unacceptable. Instead, he was forced to conform to a culture of which he could never truly be a part. One would imagine that Caliban's sense of ide ntity was severely jeopardized. Out of this idea falls anothe... ...e for the African- American. Now is the time for the black American to rise above victim status and excuses (valid though they may be) and take their place as productive, intelligent, respected members of society. Unlike Caliban, the African- American need not waste his time bemoaning his state. Yes, there were unimaginable injustices visited upon African- Americans in this country, but the past cannot be altered. Our young black men and women cannot be taught that past-- or even present injustice is an excuse for mediocrity. The world does not owe anyone anything, and therefore the black American must work hard-- maybe sometimes twice as hard-- to succeed; and in the end justice and equality will prevail. In this way, the African- American is nothing like Caliban. Injustice and oppression were his ruin; but for the African- American, it will become strength.

Introduction to Education Essay

1. Diagram 1: Factors contributing to a great lesson  Discuss the above diagram using the learning theory/theories.  (20 marks) Answer:  A great lesson is very important for students and teachers. How to make a  lesson perfect? Maybe different people keep different viewpoints. Here are some  criteria for a great lesson from my opinions. First of all, the quality of learning is exceptional. Students demonstrate excellent concentration and are rarely off task even for extended periods without adult direction. They have developed a resilience when tackling challenging activities. Their keenness and commitment to succeed in all aspects of school life and ability to grasp opportunities to extend and improve their learning are exceptional. Moreover, Progress is at least good for different groups of students and exemplary for some students. See more: how to start an essay Secondly, Teaching is at least good and often outstanding as students are making exceptional progress. Students are enthused which ensures they learn really well. Excellent subject knowledge is applied to challenge and inspire students. Resources, including new technology make a marked contribution to learning as does the targeted support from other adults. Teachers are aware of students’ capabilities and their prior learning and understanding and plan effectively to build on these. Marking and dialogue between teachers and other adults and students are of consistently high quality. Besides, The following factors are some of the other essential ingredients required for a great lesson: †¢ Differentiating for various groups of learners †¢ Engaging and motivating students †¢ Developing independent and resilient learners †¢ Delivering skills and content essential for passing exams †¢ Assessment as part of developing progress in learning †¢ Challenging the most able learners †¢ Using technology and tools to make an impact on learning †¢ Effective collaborative learning and peer review †¢ Effective classroom management †¢ Sharing the criteria for success In summary, To be an great lesson teaching is at least good in all or nearly all respects and is exemplary in significant elements. As a result, learners thrive and make exceptionally good progress. 2. Compare and contrast the Islamic and western perspectives of education. (20 marks) Answer: There are some fundamental differences between the Western worldview and the Islamic worldview. The Western concept of value is adopted from study of knowledge, in particular philosophy and social sciences, Islam puts the revelation as a primary source of values which make education in Islam means the value of education itself. Firstly, The difference in worldview in conceptualizing human, knowledge, religion and God, have made Islam and Western education fundamentally different. Western secular education that is valuefree results in the disattachment of knowledge and science from ethics, morality and spirituality. And as such the corruption of knowledge due to the Western materialistic educational concept impacts the Islamic world which has long adopted such concepts due to western colonialization. Secondly, The Western concept of value is adopted from study of knowledge, in particular philosophy and social sciences, which then was developed in the world of education with all its relative variants. Nevertheless it is a whole different issue in Islamic perspective. The virtue of value in Islam means a belief of choice in behavior and actions under normative guidance prescribed by the revelation (wahy) of Allah and the sayings of His Messenger. In addition, education emerged as a response to moral and existential crisis caused by the Western worldview which is value-free. Value in Western conception is relative, created by human ratio and neglects the revelation. Values and morals evolve and change from time to time as a response to the social and political situation in Western civilization. Islamic conceptions of value and moral are different from Western conceptions. The value and morality in Islam comes from the revelation which was revealed to Prophet Muhammad and written in the Qur’an. Education in Islam is not value free and could not be separated by the metaphysical elements, but includes both the physical and metaphysical reality, and contains the principles of Islam which is useful as a guide for man to find true happiness in the world and the Hereafter. In conclusion, Value education developed by the West, should not be accepted by Muslims without adequate criticism, because there are some fundamental differences between the Western worldview and the Islamic worldview, especially in the concept of truth and knowledge. 3. Secularization and modernization of education give a huge impact on the lifestyles of Muslims. From your perspective, discuss how the concept of education can be Islamized in the Muslim majority countries? (20 marks) Answer: In the Muslim majority countries, Islamization of knowledge as a methodological foundation for cultural and social reform brings the Muslim world and Muslim intellectuals and political leaders to the step of second-stage of effective and comprehensive reforms to rebuild the Ummah’s life and institutions. At this stage, the central question is where to begin rebuilding — in the economic, political, scientific, or military sectors? Indeed education lies the answer. Firstly, Education is an important factor in the development of any society. The level of development of any nation is usually determined by its level of education. Therefore, Muslims should coordinate their efforts and establish their priorities, where education comes at the top. The more Muslims give to the cause of education and development at this stage to create sound Muslim mentality and psychology, the more Muslims acquire higher capabilities in all other fields. Besides, education can be seen from three aspects: a) Individual: Human is seen to have a bunch of potentials and abilities that are unknown either to the individual themselves or to others in general. Therefore, through the education process, all these potentials and abilities will be discovered and developed to benefit the individuals as well as the societies. b) Society: Education is seen to play its role as an instrument to internalize and transmit the culture from one generation to another. c) Interaction between individual and society: Education as a process of transaction between the individual and the society that is the development of potentials of the individuals will contribute to the betterment and improvement of the societies. Finally, Islamization of education, is the Islamization of the Muslim child and the coming Muslim generation. It is the process of liberating them from a culture of fear and superstition to recapture and reestablish the Muslim spirit. In short, it should be noted that the Islamization of education or the reformation of Islamic principles in education must be pursued rigorously, and the Islamic notion that man is Allah’s vicegerent on this earth and that he should carry on his shoulders certain duties and responsibilities should also be emphasized. That being said, the whole Muslim community should support the move of the Islamization of education. 4. â€Å"Students’ academic achievement is the yardstick of the school leadership’s successes†. Discuss whether you agree with this statement or not. Answer: Effective education leadership makes a difference in improving learning. There’s nothing new or especially controversial about that idea. What’s far less clear, even after several decades of school renewal efforts, is just how leadership matters, how important those effects are in promoting the learning of all children, and what the essential ingredients of successful leadership are. First of all, All current school reform efforts aim to improve teaching and learning. But there are huge differences in how they go about it. Some reforms, for example, attempt to improve all schools in a district, state or country at the same time. Other reforms attempt to influence the overall approach to teaching and learning within a school, but do so one school at a time. Still others, focused on innovative curricula (in science and mathematics, for example), typically address one part of a school’s program and aim for widespread implementation, while innovative approaches to instruction, such as cooperative learning, hope to change teachers’ practices one teacher at a time. Secondly, There seems little doubt that both district and school leadership provides a critical bridge between most educational-reform initiatives, and having those reforms make a genuine difference for all students. Such leadership comes from many sources, not just superintendents and principals. But those in formal positions of authority in school systems are likely still the most influential. Efforts to improve their recruitment, training, evaluation and ongoing development should be considered highly cost-effective approaches to successful school improvement. Finally, Our purpose was to summarize the starting points for a major new effort to better understand the links between leadership and student learning. There seems little doubt that both district and school leadership provides a critical bridge between most educational reform initiatives and their consequences for students.

Jane Eyre Essay

The novel Jane Eyre was originally published in London, England in 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co. The early editions of the novel were given the subtitle An Autobiography and named â€Å"Currer Bell† as the editor, not the author. The subtitle was dropped in subsequent editions of the novel. During the days when the novel was published, it was popularly believed that men and women had different duties and responsibilities. Women were encouraged to be devoted and submissive to their husbands. The ideal woman was passive, charming, self-sacrificing and pure. Jane Eyre and other works of the Charlotte and her sisters were centred around the lives of protagonists who did not conform to these societal ideals. Thus, in order to hide their true identities and genders, the three Bronte sisters published their works under pseudonyms. These were Acton Bell (Anne Bronte), Ellis Bell (Emily Bronte) and Currer Bell (Charlotte Bronte). Despite its immediate popularity, Jane Eyre was condemned by its earliest critics as anti-Christian. These negative reviews can be attributed to the generally rebellious tone of the novel. Through the description of the protagonist’s life, including those related to her social status and matters of the heart, the reader is presented with several social and political issues. The novel questions society’s view of women, the importance of the arts and the basis of a solid marriage. Based on the standards of the society in the days when the novel was first published, Jane Eyre as a character lead an immoral life. Jane fell in love and lusted after a married man, was proposed to by her cousin, and describes a clergymen as hypocritical and greedy. The novel is written in such a manner that the reader empathizes with Jane, and in doing so, leads the reader to question his or her beliefs. The novel is also explicitly anti-Christian in that Jane questions the existence and importance of God. During her days at Lowood, Jane’s close friend, Helen Burns contracts tuberculosis. On her deathbed, Helen calmly reassures Jane that by dying young, she is escaping great sufferings, and will go to God. Jane remains sceptical, and asks, â€Å"Where is God? What is God? † In the same conversation, Jane questions the existence of heaven and the ability of people to enter it. Using contemporary standards, these questions might be considered by some to be normal and even healthy. However, in the context of the society during the time when the novel was first published, such comments would have been considered as blasphemous and grossly immoral. Critics who believed that the novel was in fact an autobiography were correct. Although the life of the character Jane Eyre is not identical to that of the author Charlotte Bronte, there are obvious parallels. For example, while attending Lowood School, one of Jane’s closest friends dies of consumption. Similarly, while attending school at Cowan Bridge, Jane’s sisters died of the same illness. This coincidence drew comparisons between the fictional headmaster of Lowood whom Jane denounces as insincere and deceitful, and Charlotte’s own former headmaster who ran Cowan Bridge. Another parallel can be drawn between the character of John Reed and Charlotte’s brother Branwell, because both men suffered from alcoholism. Perhaps the most obvious similarity between the novel and the author’s life is the fact that both Jane and Charlotte were governesses. In accepting Jane Eyre as the true adventures of its heroine and by branding the novel as anti-Christian, early critics were correct. Due to similarities in the personal life of Charlotte Bronte and the experiences of Jane Eyre, it can be inferred that the novel is an autobiography. Based on the standards of society during the time it was first published, the rebellious tone and the manner in which the novel questioned respected social institutions, the novel can be considered as anti-Christian.

The Effects of Underage Drinking and Driving While

The Effects of Underage Drinking and Driving While Under the Influence Heather Herrick Dr. Hawkins ENC1101 November 27, 2012 ABSTRACT: Underage drinking is one of the biggest problems in society today (â€Å"Enforcing†). Throughout childhood, the brain is making changes that assist in planning, decision making, controlling impulses, memory, speech and also how the body responds to drugs and alcohol (â€Å"NIAAA†).Not only does underage drinking cause problems with brain development and unprotected sex, but it also causes various fatalities. The purpose for this research is to help prevent underage drinking and driving while under the influence of alcohol and to reduce the number of fatalities not only in Volusia County but also throughout the United States. According to the West Volusia Beacon, bars and restaurants in downtown Deland were caught selling to people under the age of 21.Since then, the City Commission has passed an ordinance to penalize any bar or restauran t that is caught with five or more people under the age of 21 inside their facility after nine o’clock within a three month period, or if there are five or more people who are underage caught with a drink in their hand. Bar and restaurant owners agree that underage drinking has a negative effect on their business. Older folk don’t want to be surrounded by a college â€Å"frat-boy† atmosphere and that is why they stay away from the downtown area.Officials believe that if penalties are executed and enforced the right way that is the only way this ordinance will work (Horton). Nationally, making new laws and better enforcing older laws by using the EUDL (Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws) have helped prevent underage drinking. According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Congress created this program in 1998 along with the MLDA-21 and Zero Tolerance Laws, which prohibit the sale and possession of alcohol to anyone under the age of 21.These laws also h elp prevent the amount of drivers on the road with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) level of . 08 and above which has significantly decreased the number of fatal car accidents by a combined 58 percent (â€Å"Enforcing†). Other laws prohibit anyone under the age of 21 from altering or borrowing from a driver’s license from someone to make it appear as if they are 21, carry alcohol in their car or on their body on any street, highway or public place or be in a bar while under the influence of alcohol.A program called the â€Å"Midwestern Prevention Program† combines strategies to help educate children of how harmful drugs and alcohol can be, how to identify social encounters where drugs and alcohol may be involved and how to avoid such situations through extracurricular activities, the amount of alcohol advertising children are exposed to, prevention programs where both families and the community are involved and changing and creating new policies such as the minimum drinking age and other laws (â€Å"Other Laws†).The survey conducted with the students at Deland High School gives a general estimate of how often teenagers in high school consume alcohol, where they get alcohol from, if their parents support their drinking habits, if they drive after drinking and includes a written response from the teenagers about the reasons behind why they drink. The conclusion made from the survey is that most children are likely to try alcohol or drink regularly while in high school. However, it is their parents who have an overall effect on how much their children drink.These results show that more study should be conducted on the overall effects and experiences caused by underage drinking. INTRODUCTION: As the years have passed, underage drinking has become a bigger and bigger problem. Nationwide there are an estimated 10. 8 million underage drinkers. Forty percent of those 10. 8 million were provided free alcohol by someone 21 or older. Annually, 15 percent of the total alcohol consumed in the United States is consumed by people ages 12-21 (â€Å"Other Laws†) and 9. 4 percent have an alcohol abuse disorder (â€Å"Nationwide†).In just one year, problems caused by underage drinking cost the citizens of the United States 60. 3 billion dollars (â€Å"Enforcing†). In 2007, specifically in Florida, underage drinking cost the state $4. 5 billion in medical bills and property damage (â€Å"Florida’s†) and out of the 4,915 car accidents in Volusia County alone last year, 679 were caused by alcohol (â€Å"FloridaCHARTS†). Risking children’s health and futures, underage drinking is responsible for over 5,000 deaths annually throughout the United States.Alcohol is the most commonly used and abuse drug since it isn’t very difficult to obtain. Fueling the fire of underage drinking is lack of parental guidance (â€Å"New†); in a survey given by Nationwide Insurance to 2,006 Ameri can households over the phone, the results show that 57 percent believe that parents have the biggest impact on whether their children drink alcohol, 16 percent think it is okay for parents to supervise a party where there is alcohol being consumed by minors and 8 percent believe it is okay for adults to provide their children with alcohol (â€Å"Statistics†).Although there are programs and laws in action to reduce the occurrence of underage drinking, they aren’t being enforced or publicized like they should be. For example, in Tallahassee Florida, the Tallahassee Police Department has been cracking down on underage drinking at nearby universities such as: Florida State, Florida A&M and Tallahassee Community College, along with anyone else under the age of 21 with a drink in their hand. These actions are also similar to the ones being taken in Deland Florida (Horton).The first time being caught drinking under the age of 21, the offender is charged with a second-degree misdemeanor and may also be put into a diversion program by a judge, the second time the person will be charged with a first-degree misdemeanor, given jail time for up to a year and receive fines up to $1,000 (â€Å"City†). Although, in Tallahassee, a college town where some students drink or have been drinking since before college, Florida State University is considered the most â€Å"raging party scene† out of all the colleges in Florida according to CollegeProwler. om (â€Å"Rankings†) and even though law enforcement can slightly reduce the amount of underage drinking, it will be more than a challenge to completely put a stop to it. PLANNED OBSERVATION: There are many rumors and expectations of what goes on at high school parties. So, upon invitation I attended a high school Halloween party (strictly for research) to observe and record the social surroundings before, during and after a person under the age of 21 participates in underage drinking and to also s ee what different kinds of injuries, accidents, and other activities can occur when teenagers consume amounts of alcohol.Upon pulling into the driveway, there were 30-40 cars were parked on the front lawn along with cars parked along the sides of the road. The girl and her mother, who were hosting the party, were in the front yard directing people where to park. In the backyard there were multiple groups of teenagers numbering about five of six to a group dressed in their costumes and most holding drinks in their hands. While walking around the backyard, I talked with a few of the partygoers. â€Å"So what brought you here tonight? † I asked one boy I approached.Sounding heavily intoxicated he replied, â€Å"I’m here to have a good time and get f****d up! † while walking to the back porch of the house. To my left there were two girls competing to see who could do the most back handsprings in a row. The first girl completed five back handsprings. The second compl eted seven, but upon landing her seventh flip she cut her foot open on a shattered glass bottle that was in the grass she was tumbling on. The main focus of this observation was having a conversation with the mother who was hosting the party.During the conversation I asked what motivated her to throw this party. â€Å"To make my daughter happy. † she said. â€Å"Honestly, my daughter has never really been one of the popular girls in school. There has been times where she has come home crying because kids have picked on her†¦ When she asked me if she could throw a Halloween party I didn’t say yes immediately, it definitely took some convincing but I figured it would make her happy and other children like her. † The next question I asked her was how she planned on handling all the teens that planned on drinking and then leaving afterwards.She said, â€Å"If anyone has had any amount of alcohol at my house they are not leaving. Upon entering my home I made ev eryone, whether they planned on drinking or not, give me his or her keys and no one will be allowed to leave unless they have a parent picking them up or if they have a designated driver. If they don’t have either of those, they’re staying the night here. † SURVEYING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: A survey containing 13 questions was conducted to discover how often underage drinking occurs among the students at Deland High School.The survey also collects information about where teenagers get their alcohol from, how their parents feel about underage drinking, why they drink, and if they’ve ever driven after drinking or ridden with someone who was under the influence of alcohol. A total of 75 surveys were given to students with ages ranging from thirteen to seventeen in the Deland High School cafeteria. The first and second questions on the survey ask if they’re a boy or girl to see whether more males or females take part in underage drinking, forty-five boys and thirty girls were surveyed.The second question asks their age to see if as the students get older if more of them participate in underage drinking. One 13 year old, five 14 year olds, thirty-two 15 year olds, twenty-six 16 year olds, and eleven 17 year olds were interviewed. The third question asked is â€Å"Have you ever drunk any amount of alcohol before? Yes/No†. Forty of the forty-five boys surveyed answered yes and 21 of the 30 girls answered yes as well. Although there were more boys than girl surveyed, it is obvious that the amount of boys who drink exceeds the number of girls, meaning boys are more likely to participate in underage drinking than girls. Have you ever driven after drinking? Yes/No† was the fourth question asked. Eleven boys answered yes, the remaining answered no. Fifteen girls answered yes, eleven answered no and the remaining four did not answer the question. The results from this question were surprising in both a good and bad way. Half of the girls admitted to driving after consuming some amount of alcohol. Whereas only a quarter of the boys surveyed answered no, that they had never drove after drinking.Question number five was a joint question with the question before asking â€Å"If not, have you ever ridden with someone after they had been drinking? † Twenty-six boys answered yes, the remaining nineteen answered no and twenty-two of the thirty-answered yes. These results show that even if some teens weren’t operating a vehicle after consuming alcohol, they were in a vehicle with someone who was under the influence of alcohol that could have led to a car accident involving not only themselves, but also one or more drivers on the road at that time.The sixth question asked was â€Å"Where do you drink most often? (Choose all the apply)† the students put and â€Å"X† or a check mark next to parties, a friend’s house or at home. Between boys and girls, a total of forty-eight said they have drank at parties, thirty-four say they have drank at a friend’s house and thirty have drank in their own home. â€Å"Where do you usually get your alcohol? † was the next question. The students put an â€Å"X† or a check mark next to friends, family, store, fake I. D. and/or stranger and chose all that applied.The results of this question show that forty-three students get their alcohol from a friend, twenty-four receive alcohol from one or more of their family members, twenty-seven buy alcohol from a store that sells to underage persons, two use a fake I. D. to purchase alcohol and ten have a complete stranger buy alcohol for them. This questions purpose is to show how easy it is for a person under the age of 21 to buy or receive alcohol and how common it is for someone 21 or over to provide minors with alcohol.Question eight asks, â€Å"Do your parents allow you to drink? Yes/No† twenty-one of the thirty girls and thirty-four of the forty-five boy s surveyed answered no that their parents do not allow them to drink. After comparing these results with the results from the third question asked on the survey, it’s obvious that most parents are unaware of their children’s participation in underage drinking and any other participation in dangerous activity such as driving under the influence, unprotected sex, etc. ifty-seven of the seventy-five students surveyed admitted to having one or more drinks of alcohol in their life, however, fifty-five of those fifty-seven parents do not allow their children to drink but they do it anyway. Question number nine asks â€Å"how many times have you drunk any amount of alcohol? † the students answered on a scale of 0, 1-5, 5-10, 10-15 and too many to count. Twenty-eight students answered 1-5 times, eleven answered 5-10 times, four answered 10-15, twenty-four answered too many times to count, five answered 0 and three didn’t put an answer at all.Continuing from the p revious question, number ten asks, â€Å"Out of those times, how many times have you been â€Å"drunk†? †. Twenty-three students answered every time, six answered 6-10 times, nineteen answered 1-5 times and twenty-two answered that they had never been â€Å"drunk† after consuming alcohol. Question 11 asks â€Å"Have your parents ever provided you with transportation after a night of drinking? † twenty-one answered yes while the remaining fifty-one answered no and three did not put an answer. The results from this question provide valuable information about the role parent’s play in a child’s participation and opinion on underage drinking.The next question asked â€Å"Do you think underage drinking is a severe problem in today’s society? † forty-five students answered yes, they do think it is a problem. The remaining thirty answered no they don’t think it is a severe problem. This question shows that even though more than half of the students surveyed believe underage drinking is a problem, 84 percent still drink. The last question was a written response which asked the students â€Å"Why do you drink? † twenty-seven answered, â€Å"to have fun†, eight said, â€Å"peer pressure† or â€Å"to fit in†, five said depression, and five answered, â€Å"to get drunk†.The remaining students didn’t answer or answered that they don’t drink. The overall discovery made by this survey is that most teenagers in high school are likely to drink based on their parents opinions on drinking, how easily and where they can access alcohol, and for social and emotional reasons as well. Although the survey shows that boys are more likely to drink than girls, the girls who do drink are more likely to drive after drinking which raises the chance of car accidents involving not only that person but one or more people in the cars surrounding them.Another surprising result of this survey was discovering where teens get their alcohol from, in a brief conversation with one of the people interviewed; they said, â€Å"Yeah, alcohol is definitely not as hard to get ahold of as it should be. There are a couple gas stations in Deland that will practically sell (alcohol) to anyone; they’d probably even sell to an infant just as long as they’re making a buck. † After asking another student where someone would get alcohol if there weren’t gas stations that sold to minors, they said: â€Å"They would probably get it from someone who is 21 or older, like family or friends.I know people who pay random people in parking lots to go buy alcohol for them. † Upon request, the names of these students will not be revealed; however, the information from these quotes verifies that teens have no trouble accessing alcohol which helps prevent their parents from finding out. RESULTS: This project was conducted to research how common drinking is among high school students, what scenarios influence children to take part in underage drinking, and what actions are being taken to help put a stop to underage drinking.Nationwide, approximately 5,000 people under the age of 21 die every year from alcohol related causes (â€Å"Underage Drinking†). Problems resulting from underage drinking are various fatalities, unwanted or unprotected sex, and disruption of brain development, lack of participation in school, legal problems and numerous physical injuries. Organizations such as the NIAAA and SAMHSA provide help, guidance and information to those who struggle with alcohol abuse and other drug problems. Programs started by these organizations help cure and reduce substance abuse and mental illness all over America.Conclusions from this survey show that many parents are unaware of their children’s participation in underage drinking, although some parents agree with the statement that they would rather â€Å"have their childre n drink in their home where they can be supervised rather than in a random place where there is little to no supervision†. These parents are the ones who support their children’s drinking habits by buying them alcohol, providing transportation and hosting parties where people from the ages of 12 to 21 engage in underage drinking.A survey given to the students at Deland High School shows that most students participate in underage drinking, however, a large percentage of the students who drink also agree that underage drinking is one of the biggest problems in society today. The survey also provides information about where or who supplies them with alcohol and how easy it is for them to obtain. The planned observation portion of this project brings to light the support of underage drinking provided by parents and also the dangerous events that can lead to injuries and even death while a minor is under the influence of alcohol.Overall, what was learned from this research i s that underage drinking is a growing problem in today’s society. It is the cause for thousands of deaths not only in Volusia County or the state of Florida, but also throughout the United States. This research displays how often underage drinking occurs in just one city, not including the rest of Florida and what actions can be taken to reduce and possibly even abolish underage drinking altogether. WORKS CITED â€Å"Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws. † CSPI Alcohol Policy. Web. 10 Oct. 012 â€Å"FloridaCHARTS. com-Florida Health Statistics and Community Health Data. † Florida Department of Health. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Official Website Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles. † Web. 10. Oct. 2012 â€Å"New Nationwide Report Estimates That 40 Percent of Underage Drinkers Received Free Alcohol From Adults Over 21. † SAMHSA. 28. June. 2008. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Florida’s Enforcement of Underage Drinking. † Moses & Ro oth, Attorneys at Law. N. p. , n. d. Web. 23 Oct. 2012. â€Å"Other Laws. † Laws RegardingDrugs, Alcohol and Driving. Web. 10 Oct. 2012 â€Å"Underage Drinking & the Law. † Underage Drinking & the Law. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. â€Å"City Cracks down on Underage Drinking. † The Famuan. N. p. , n. d. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. â€Å"College Rankings – Most Raging Party Scene in Florida. † College Prowler. N. p. , n. d. Web Horton, Jen. â€Å"DeLand Cracks down on Underage Drinking – The West Volusia Beacon. † Deland Cracks down on Underage Drinking – The West Volusia Beacon. The West Volusia Beacon, 15 July 2009. Web. 07 Nov. 2012.